![]() Direct investments often have higher minimums. Because SPVs allow individuals to pool capital, LPs can invest as low as $1k. For SPVs raising over $10M, the limit is 100 investors. For SPVs raising $10M or less, the SEC permits a maximum of 250 accredited investors. GPs can structure an SPV to include unique waterfall provisions, hurdle rates, redemption rights, distribution timings, and more.ĭepending on how much capital the SPV raises, there are limits to how many investors can invest in the SPV. Keep in mind that no two SPVs are the same. But unlike funds, all capital is usually called upfront, instead of multiple times throughout the life of the fund (a feature called “capital calls”). Like traditional venture funds, SPVs can charge carried interest and management fees. Coming back to our example, if the SPV receives $10M as proceeds in connection with an acquisition, then our LP who has 10% membership interest will receive $1M, subject to carried interest. Since SPVs are pass-through vehicles, income received by the SPV is passed through to its members. Put another way, the LP is an investor in the SPV (not in the underlying portfolio company), and the SPV is an investor in the company. The SPV will appear as a single entry on the company’s cap table. Once an SPV has finished raising capital, it makes a single investment in a startup, sending a single wire to the company. ![]() For example, an LP who invests $10k into an SPV that ends up raising a total of $100k will receive 10% membership interest in the SPV. That interest is usually expressed as a percentage. In return for their capital, LPs receive “membership interest” in the SPV. ![]() When an LP invests in an SPV they become a “member” of the SPV. ![]() In either case, SPVs are so-called “pass-through vehicles”-they're owned by their members and pass through income (or losses) to those members in proportion to each member’s ownership. SPVs are typically formed as limited liability companies (LLCs) or limited partnerships. It also allows LPs to pick companies they’re interested in investing in. That in turn can help them build a network of LPs that may later be interested in investing in a fund.įor LPs, investing alongside a GP on a deal-by-deal basis allows them to get to know the GP and their investment philosophy in practice. By raising an SPV, they can approach LPs with a specific investment opportunity rather than just pitching a somewhat theoretical investment philosophy (called an “investment thesis”). Other GPs use SPVs to invest in companies that may fall outside their fund’s usual investment philosophy-allowing LPs to self-select if they want to participate in the investment.įor new GPs, raising SPVs can be a way to build an investment track record. Some GPs use SPVs to fill pro rata allocations when their fund doesn’t have enough capital left to deploy. ![]() The main difference between an SPV and a fund is that an SPV makes a single investment into just one company, whereas a fund makes several investments into multiple companies. In venture, SPVs are used to pool money from a group of investors to then invest that money into a single company. SPVs have many use cases in finance, including loan securitization and real estate investing. In this post, we’ll explain the basics of SPVs: What they are, how they work, and why they’re used in venture. Each of these SPVs invests into a startup. Every year, GPs raise thousands of SPVs on AngelList. These companies make up the “portfolio” of the fund.īut what if LPs only wanted to invest in one specific company? What if a GP doesn’t have a fund at the time they come across a promising investment opportunity? Essentially, an LP’s investment is spread over several companies. By investing into such a fund, investors (also known as limited partners or “LPs”) get exposure to a basket of different companies.
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